Automatically translated from Basque, translation may contain errors. More information here. Elhuyarren itzultzaile automatikoaren logoa

Diñeiro de escravos

Zarata mediatikoz beteriko garai nahasiotan, merkatu logiketatik urrun eta irakurleengandik gertu dagoen kazetaritza beharrezkoa dela uste baduzu, ARGIA bultzatzera animatu nahi zaitugu. Geroz eta gehiago gara, jarrai dezagun txikitik eragiten.

No Estado español de postguerra, polo menos 400.000 persoas exerceron labores obrigatorios en batallóns obreiros ou en batallóns penais de soldados como escravos. Este dato deuno o historiador andaluz José Luís Gutierrez Molina.

Gutiérrez e María Servini, un dos impulsores do proxecto de base de datos para a recuperación da memoria histórica en Andalucía Todoslosnombres.org, é tamén un dos creadores da querela contra os crimes do franquismo ante o xuíz arxentino. Di que o valor dos traballos forzosos pódese cuantificar en 800 millóns de euros: “Desde os pequenos talleres até a gran industria vasca, catalá e andaluza, non houbo sector sen man de obra escaiola”, afirma.

En Euskal Herria, son coñecidas as historias que contan como foron acompañados de frío e fame por científicos, sobre todo grazas ao traballo pioneiro dos investigadores Fernando Mendiola e Edurne Beaumont. Pero aínda non aprendemos os nomes das empresas que utilizaron a man de obra como presa, fóra dunha delas, polo seu simbolismo: Huarte e Cía, S.L.

O empresario Félix Huarte, que construíu o Val dos Herorios, deixou unha longa sombra en Navarra. Foi un dos que rompeu todos os seus contactos coas autoridades da Segunda República e cambiou de camisa tras o levantamento de 1936, que foi vicepresidente da Deputación de Navarra. Creou un gran imperio co seu tecido empresarial, até alcanzar as 17.000 persoas empregadas, cantas delas eran realmente libres?

As iniciativas de Huarte no desenvolvemento industrial de Navarra foron claves para a historiografía navarra dereitista, que deseñou en 1964 o Plan de Promoción Industrial (PPI). Pero Iván Giménez di no seu libro O corralito foral que ese desenvolvemento viña de antes, e que a maioría das subvencións do PPI destináronse a empresas como Laminaciones de Lesaka, Sarrió, de Leitza, e sobre todo a empresas de Huarte, onde o 4% das empresas recibiron o 70% das axudas. É dicir, foi unha excelente operación para transferir diñeiro público ao peto do magnate pamplonés: “Os peixes de gran auga recibiron o mellor bocado”.

Outra forma aberta polas autoridades franquistas aos empresarios para aforrar diñeiro foi a fiscalidade. En Navarra, a presión fiscal que exercían as empresas non chegaba á metade dos demais territorios

Outra forma aberta polas autoridades franquistas aos empresarios para aforrar diñeiro foi a fiscalidade. En Navarra, a presión fiscal que exercían as empresas non chegaba á metade dos demais territorios: “De feito, este beneficio beneficiou aos industriais que realizaran investimentos con anterioridade”.

A empresa Huarte é actualmente H de acrónimos OHLA e está convertida nunha gran multinacional que abriu as súas ás. Pola súa banda, a terceira xeración da familia Huarte desprazou a enorme fortuna xerada a partir do traballo dos escravos do franquismo: A través do fondo Uriel Investimentos, con sede social en Madrid, diversificou o negocio polo si ou polo non en todo o mundo… Porque o seu capital de 14 millóns de euros non é a tose de medianoite.

De Babcock & Wilcox a Industrias Egaña

En ocasións, os empresarios acudían directamente aos campos de concentración ou aos centros penais para crear batallóns e buscar traballadores. Dos datos extraídos por Gutiérrez do Padroado para a Flexibilización de Sancións a través do Traballo ou da lista recollida por Fernando Mendiola na publicación Os Camiños da Memoria, coñecemos máis nomes das empresas vascas que utilizaron escravos:

A fábrica de maquinaria agrícola Múgica e Arellano de Pamplona aproveitou aos presos; a mítica compañía Babco & Wilcox de Sestao fixo o mesmo entre 1939 e 1945 –chegou a utilizar 168 escravos–; en Zestoa, na canteira de Arroa, para a empresa Ferrocarrís e Construcións ABC, que cargaba a pedra; entre outros, para facer fronte aos talleres de presas de Medegaña de 1936 mulleres. Son só algúns exemplos dunha longa lista.


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