Flying rivers, key players in the global climate
- In the event of escape from the climate disaster, it will not be enough to reduce greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. It will also be necessary to preserve forests and soils so that deforestation and intensive agriculture do not deteriorate, as the water cycle is also very important to regulate the climate. We just understood that.
As soon as the process of Congresses on climate warming began in New York in 1992, scientific publications began to pay attention to so-called "air rivers", water vapor currents of great importance in the formation of rains. These "air rivers", initially called "tropospheric rivers", emerge from the evaporation of the oceans and the evapotranspiration of the large Amazonian, Congolese and siberian forests. In 1992 Tropospheric rivers? A pilot study ("Tropospheric rivers? In the "Pilot Study" study, scientists like Reginald Newell said that the flow of vapor currents in the air was very large: that of the Amazon approached the flow of the Amazon, of 165,000 m3 seconds.
Fifteen years later, in 2006 and 2007, Victor Gorshkov and Anastassia Makarieva of St. Petersburg formulated the principle of the biotic bomb: "A mechanism by which natural forests produce and control the winds that go from the ocean to the earth, dragging moisture into all kinds of life on earth." The fundamental role played by forests and trees in the climate was demonstrated as follows: the steam rivers formed by large rainforests by evapotranspiration must be combined with the moisture absorbed into the oceans and penetrated into the earth thousands of kilometres.
Air rivers from the Amazon play a decisive role in the climate throughout South America
This idea was assumed in 2014 by Antonio Donato Nobre, a researcher at the Brazilian National Institute of Space Research (INPE), in his study "The Future Climate of Amazonia". Nobre highlighted the decisive role played by air rivers of land from the Amazon rainforest in the climate of all of South America (east of the barrier mountains of Ande), as well as in part of North America, causing rains.
Halt deforestation immediately
But Antonio Donato Nobre also denounced the devastating effects of deforestation: it reduces the amounts of water vapor caused by the evapotranspiration of the trees, and the resulting rain, causing confusion in the biotic pump, which severely affects the sea forests that absorb wet air. This destruction can have dramatic consequences: the conversion of the Amazon into savanna, an area in which the presence of trees has lost strength in favour of herbaceous plants. There is already a savanna in the Cerrado, south of the Amazon, whose 40% has been destroyed for the benefit of livestock and soya fields.
Thus, the desert could become an extensive western area of the city of São Paulo, which brings together most of the population and Brazilian activity, such as the enormous desert that Australia has today in a similar latitude. Recently, in 2021, the TV channel Arte offered the film Le mystère des rivières volantes d’Amazonie ("The Mystery of the Amazon Rivers") by Pascal Cuissot, in which it shows how this evolution has begun: in the famous cascades of Iguazú, in a dry period, half the width per kilometer between Brazil and Argentina.
On the other hand, the UNEP Environment Programme recommends from August 2021 "working with plants, soils and water to curb the earth's climate and hydrate the landscapes". The UNEP clearly concludes that to avoid the climate disaster it is necessary not only to stop deforestation immediately, but also to address the planting of forests around the world and to develop agricultural practices that revitalize soils, such as agroforestry. In fact, in the prevailing crop model today, based on chemical fertilizers, the fact that organic material remaining in soils (humus) is so small makes soils lose
their ability to retain water and fields have less resilience to cope with drought. This affects evapotranspiration, as evapotranspiration differs depending on the vegetation covering the soil being made up of crops, meadows, hedges or trees.
The GIEC group is on a dead end because it has ignored the importance of water in climate
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Development (GIEC) has entered a dead end because it has ignored the importance of water in climate change, taking into account only greenhouse gases. Because, despite the fact that the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere would come to a halt, deforestation and our forms of land use would remain the same, causing climate change and leading to large regions of the Earth becoming deserts. It is true that when GIEC was established (1988) the explanation of climate change focused on increasing the quantities of greenhouse gases. But today, if the desiccation and spread of desertification of the planet is to be avoided, the role of water in the climate must
be taken into account. The deforestation of large forests must therefore be stopped immediately, new forests planted and the cultivation model revolutionised. Because you can get agriculture to stop destroying the water cycle and, by comparing it, to become a lever for change through living soils that can maintain moisture and retain more carbon in the soil.
Daniel Hofnung, an engineer portrayed today, is president of coordinator Eau Il-de-France. On the occasion of March 22, International Water Day, he published this opinion article in French in the magazine Reporterre.
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