The era of globalization led by the United States of America (EE.UU.) What we've known in the last three decades is in doubt. The exhaustion of globalization that prioritizes global liberal order over national interests has many factors and reasons. The regressive signs of hyperglobalization began to emerge with the 2008 financial crisis. Not forgetting its presence on the external markets, China began to re-enter the internal market ten years ago thanks to the growth of domestic demand. Moreover, the slowdown in U.S. foreign trade in recent years has been highlighted. Foreign investments were also frozen after the 2008 crisis and regressed over the past five years.

Global value chains distributing production lines internationally are weakening as difficulties in controlling the entire production chain increase. In addition, the impact caused by the pandemic promotes a new composition of global value chains, based on inter-territorial redistribution and the difficulties of international transport. The response to the climate emergency will also influence the transformation of global production chains in the near future. Therefore, the logic of the extreme globalization that long prevailed in production is changing and much work is being done on the road to home or nearby countries.

The abuses of neoliberal globalization have led to an increase in populisms and the return of the State in the economic sphere, such as reindustrialization, the strengthening of national sovereignty, such as industrial policies in the semiconductor sector, batteries or medicines, the promotion of social, energy and environmental policies.

However, not only are the economic reasons for changing the aspect of globalisation important, but also the geopolitical criteria. In 2018, US Vice President Mike Pence defended the nudity that is currently taking place with Russia but that is aimed at China. The aim of this new policy is to curb efforts to improve China ' s international position. They want to promote economic, technological, knowledge and political disengagement. To this end, it uses arguments of certainty and anti-liberal character of its political system to attract the solidarity of the American countries and to strengthen and consolidate its hegemonic position at the international level.

China, for its part, is changing the direction of its external strategy. The Suroa-Sur axis is increasingly in the process of strengthening without totally disrupting collaboration with western peoples. On this alternative axis, China channels its economic, financial, commercial contribution -- in exchange for acquiring raw materials and economic and political leadership. The BRICS partnership, made up of countries in Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, is becoming a key player in trade and investor exchange between developing countries. China’s economic momentum, which is evident industrially and technologically, gives it a leading position among developing countries, including in Asia ahead of Japan.