Automatically translated from Basque, translation may contain errors. More information here. Elhuyarren itzultzaile automatikoaren logoa

Kolpe guztien azpitik eta krisi guztien gainetik

  • Ingelesa ikasi, ahal dela unibertsitatera joan, eta beharrezkoa bada, ondoren masterra egin. Hori izan da gazteoi ongizate pertsonal eta profesionala erdiesteko helarazi zaigun errezeta itxuraz akasgabea. Ikasketak amaitu bezain pronto ordea, errealitatearen gordinarekin egin dugu topo: lan aukera urriak, baldintza kaskarrak, emantzipatu edo bizi proiektu bat martxan jartzeko ezintasuna… Bildu ditugun datuei erreparatu besterik ez dago. Baina krisiak ongizate estatuaren ilusioa nola, gazteon frustrazioak bizitza eta lanbide eredu hegemonikoa ere zalantzan jarri ditu. Saihestu ezineko erronka da eskuartean duguna. Nola eraiki helburu eta bide berriak? Nola izan gure bizibidea sortzeko burujabe, beste inoren zain egon gabe? Nondik hasi?

     

Mugi Hadi! eta Gazte Ekintzaile elkarteek antolatutako ‘Lan bila? Mugi hadi gazte’ jardunaldietan.
Mugi Hadi! eta Gazte Ekintzaile elkarteek antolatutako ‘Lan bila? Mugi hadi gazte’ jardunaldietan.Leire Cano

Krisi ekonomikoa esaten dioguna lehertu zenetik, adin-tarte guztietako pertsonek jasan dute prekarietatea eta pobreziaren orokortzea. Baina, ohi bezala, zapalduenari eta gutxien duenari are gehiago eragin dio: etorkinari, adineko emakumeari… Eta baita, senideen babesetik landa, baliabide ekonomiko eta jabetzarik ia ez duen gazteriari ere. Jakina da prekarietatea ez dela soilik langabezia tasa, diru-sarrera eta datu makroekonomikoetan neurtzen; zerikusia du, ezegonkortasuna eta beldurrarekin ere. Baina datuak badira analisi orokor bat egiteko abiapuntu zehatzena.

Gaindegiak Euskal Herria bere osotasunean aintzat hartzen duten datuak emateko egiten duen ahaleginaz baliatuta eta Ernaik pasa den urtean kaleratutako “Gazteria, lana eta prekarietatea” txostena lagun, hori izan dugu asmoa: Euskal Herriko gazte belaunaldiaren argazki bat egitea. Gerturatu eta neurria jartzea zenbakien bidez irudikatzen zaila den gazteon prekarietate eta ezegonkortasun horri.

Soldatapeko lan falta edo langabezia-tasa ez da prekarietatearen adierazle behin-betikoa, besteak beste, ez baititu lana bai baina enplegua ez diren jarduera ekonomikoak aintzat hartzen. Soldatapeko lana lortu nahi eta ezin duten gazte kopuruaren berri ematen du hala ere. Lehenengo grafikoan ikus daitekeenez Euskal Herrian, azken datuaren arabera lan-gabezia tasa orokorraren (%16,4) oso gainetik dago gazteena: %43,3 15-24 urte artekoetan, eta %20 25 eta 34 urte bitartekoen artean. 2008tik 2013ra bederen, goranzko joera etengabea izan da.

Datuen iturria: Gaindegia

Are adierazkorragoa da enplegu-tasari dagokion bigarren grafikoa. Gazte guztien artean soldatapeko lanean ari diren gazteak zenbat diren erakusten du: 20-24 urte bitarteko gazteen artean, 3tik batek soilik du enpleguren bat. 25-34 artean aldiz, gehiengoak lan ordaindua du, %72k, hain zuzen. Nabarmena da Iparraldean enplegu-tasa askoz altuagoa dela: 20-24 adin-tartean, kasu, hegoaldekoaren bikoitza da.

Datuen iturria: Gaindegia

Datuok ulertzeko ezin ahaztu liteke enplegu eta langabezia-tasek ez diotela lan baldintzei erreparatzen: berdintzat jotzen dituztela 5 orduko aldi-baterako kontratua duen tabernaria eta soldata paregabea duen kontratu mugagabeko bankaria. Beste aukerarik izan ez dutelako, edo lan aukera hobeen bila kanpora joan direnak ere ez dira aintzat hartzen. Eta ez dira gutxi. Beste parametro batzuetan arreta jartzea ezinbestekoa da beraz:

Gaindegiak Euskal Herriko gazteen ihesa txostenean bildutako datuen arabera, 2008. eta 2012. urteen artean Hegoaldeko 90.000 bat gaztek egin dute alde. 2012koa da kopuru altuena: 22.399 gazte joan dira kanpora. Iparraldean ere gertatzen da halakorik, nahiz eta krisi ekonomikoaren aurretik datorren joera izan. Zuberoan esaterako, 1999tik hona, 21-30 urte bitarteko lau gaztetik batek alde egin du (%26,9).

Prekarietatea ezegonkortasunarekin ere lotzen denez gero, badira kontuan hartu beharreko beste bi datu: lan-kontratuen batez besteko iraupena eta diru sarrerak. Iparraldeko datuak eskuratzea ezinezko izan zaigu, eta Hego Euskal Herriko datuetan jarri dugu lupa. Bertan, enplegua duten gazteen heren batek soilik du gutxienez hiru urteko iraupena duen kontratua. Beste heren batek, urtebete eta hiru urte arteko luzerakoa du, eta beste heren batek, ez daki urtebeteko epean lan berean jarraitzerik izango ote duen. Diru-sarrerei dagokionez, gazteen %56ak 300 euro baino gutxiago irabazten du hilean, eta soilik %8ak gainditzen du 1.200 euroen langa.

Hainbat kasutan, emantzipatu eta etxebizitza baten alokairua ordaintzea ezinezkoa da enplegua dutenentzat ere... CJEren (Espainiako Gazteriaren Kontseilua) 2014ko datuen arabera, Hego Euskal Herrian 16-29 urte bitarteko gazteen artean emantzipazio tasa %22,2koa zen.

 


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