Merkataritza askea, norentzat?
Askatasuna aldarrikatzen denean, edozein pertsonari ideia ona irudituko zaio, kontzeptua positiboa baita. Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) proposatutako merkataritza askeko akordioa da, Europar Batasuna eta AEBren artekoa, merkataritzan askatasun gehiago lortu nahi duena. Negoziazioa isilpean mantendu nahi izan da, nahiz eta azkenaldian gizarte zibilak honi buruzko informazio eske dabilen. Baina, zer da merkataritza askeko akordio bat? Zein da honen helburua?
Laburbilduz, merkataritza askeko akordio batean bi eskualdeen arteko muga-zergak murriztu eta inbertsoreen segurtasun juridikoa babesten dituzten klausulak biltzen ditu. Aldeko argudioak ekonomia fakultateetan irakasten dira; think tank eta enpresa transnazionalen lobbyek honen propaganda egiten dute. Akordio hauek ekonomiaren eraginkortasuna sustatzen dutela diote, muga-zergekin alderatzen baditugu. Muga-zergak aplikatzerakoan sektore bat kanpo lehiatik babesten dugu; lehia murrizterakoan eta sektorean irabaziak handitzerakoan, sektore babestuek ekoizpen inefizientea sustatuko dute, kontsumitzaileentzako garestia izanik. Merkataritza “askeko” ekonomia batean, enpresariek inportazioekin lehiatu behar dute, merkeago ekoiztea esportazio eta lehiarako pizgarri bat izanik. Akordio hauen aldeko leitmotiv hau hamaika bider aztertu eta errepikatu da azken hamarkadetan.
Gaur arte ez da enpirikoki ziurtatu merkataritza askeak gizartearentzako ongizatea dakarrenik; arrakasta kasuak aipatzen dira, baina ez da babesten duen teoriarik frogatu. Kasuekin egiaztatzen dena da arrakasta ekonomikoa lor daitekeela (batez ere ikuspuntu neoliberalaren aldetik), baina ez dira sorturiko arazo ekonomiko, sozial eta ekologikoak kontutan hartzen. Akordio berri honen atzean estatua eta bere erregulazioak minimizatu nahi dira, lehia eta efizientziaren aurka egiten dutelako, merkataritza oztopatuz; sektore pribatuak egiten duena, aldiz, eraginkorra delako: hau neoliberalismoaren falazia handienetako bat da.
Azken finean, kapitalaren irabazi tasa mantentzeko esku pribatuetatik at dauden sektoreak pribatizatu behar dira, dauden kontrolak merkatuaren esku ikustezinaren menpe uztea; hau da merkataritza askeko akordioaren azken helburua, ez hazkundea, enplegua ezta ongizatea ere. Gainera, negoziatzaileen ustez demokrazia ez da helburu hauekin bateragarria. Ekonomiaren atzean ideologia ezkutatzen ari da.
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Progress on... [+]
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On the Internet comes the title of a movie that I still saw when I was growing up looking for the word Willow. In this fantasy film, the protagonist, a small man named Willow, transformed the world by liberating its inhabitants from an oppressive kingdom. Google just launched a... [+]
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Surely, most of us have already bought, here and there, the gifts for Christmas. Because the night visit to Olentzero is a great quote, especially for the youngest. Everyone is preparing for this fruitful era of the year: Bilbao burns as much as Vitoria, Pamplona and Baiona,... [+]