Automatically translated from Basque, translation may contain errors. More information here. Elhuyarren itzultzaile automatikoaren logoa

Chicago besoen indarrez jaso zuten

Chicagoko biztanleak Briggs House erakina euren indarrez jasotzen, 1857an edo 1866an.
Chicagoko biztanleak Briggs House erakina euren indarrez jasotzen, 1857an edo 1866an.

Chicago (AEB), 1854. Kolera izurri bortitzak gogor astindu zuen hiria, nagusiki ur geldi osasungaitzaren erruz. Mende hasieran ezarri ziren lehen kolono frantziarrak Michigan lakuaren ertzean, Des Plaines eta Chicago ibaien artean (hortik hartu zuten hiriaren izena). Handik 30 bat urtera burdinbidea iritsi zen bertara, eta etorkizun oparoaren usainak erakarrita, biztanle kopurua izugarri hazi zen urte gutxian. Kolera iristerako 100.000 biztanle zituen Chicagok. Etxebizitzak neurri eta kontrolik gabe eraiki zituzten. Planifikaziorik gabe, lakuarekiko garaiera alderik ez izateak zekartzan arazoak aurreikusi gabe, hiria lohiak hartu zuen hasieran; izurriek, gero.

Kolerak eragindako triskantzaren ondoren, Ellis S. Chesbrough ingeniariak Bostondik Chicagora bidaiatu zuen, hiriak behar zuen estolda eta isurbide sistema diseinatzeko. Baina lakuaren mailarekiko alderik ezean, ia ezinezkoa zen azpiegitura hura jasotzea. Estolderiak hiri azpian egon behar zuen eta, ondorioz, kaleen eta eraikinen maila jaso behar zen. Une horretan bi irtenbide bururatu zitzaizkien: bata, eraikin guztiak bota eta estolderia instalatu ondoren berriro eraikitzea; bestea, aurrez eraikitako bloke gehienak pare bat metro altxatzea.

Eta hiriko arduradunek bigarren aukeraren alde egin zuten, harrigarria badirudi ere. Ideia zentzugabea zirudiena gauzatzea lortu zuten herritar askoren ahalegina lagun eta, besteak beste, George Mortimer Pullmanen (1831-1897) ekarpenari esker. Pullman gazteak hilkutxa enpresa bat zuen orduan, baina haren aitak Erie lakuaren uholdeetan eraikinak mugitzeko teknika bat erabili zuen urte batzuk lehenago, eta sistema hura ezinbestekoa izan zen hiria altxatzeko proiektu eroak arrakasta izan zezan. Gerora, Pullman are ezagunago egin zen ohe-bagoia asmatu zuelako, Pullman izeneko hiria sortu zuelako bere langileentzat, eta langile horiek greba entzutetsua egin zutelako nagusi megalomanoaren aurka.

Jasotako lehen eraikinak 750 tonako pisua zuen. Pultsuan jaso zuten lurretik 1’88 metrora, soilik 200 katu mekaniko eta ehunka langileren indarra erabiliz. Eraikinik handienak altxatzeko katu hidraulikoak lortu arren, ia hiri guztia mekanikoekin jaso zuten. Eta behin jasota, zergatik ez batetik bestera mugitu? Zenbait etxejabek kokapen hobea lortzeko baliatu zuten ahalegina; eraikinak enborren gainean errestan eramaten zituzten batetik bestera.

Urtetako ahalegin ikaragarriari esker, proiektu erraldoia gauzatu eta Chicagok aintzirako ur mailarekiko beharrezko gorabehera eta estolda sistema egokia lortu zituen, azkenean. Baina 1871n sute batek hiria suntsitu zuen. Kontu handiz eta banan-banan metro pare bat jasotako ia eraikin guztiak jan zituen suak. Orduan, hutsetik astea beste erremediorik ez zuten izan.


You are interested in the channel: Historia
The University of Los Angeles makes available videos of the unpublished war of 36
Images of San Sebastián and other municipalities of Gipuzkoa can be seen on the university website.

Presentation of the legislative proposal for the removal of elements with fascist symbology from the Monument to the Fallen and the creation of the interpretation center
The PSN, EH Meetup and Future Yes presented today with the signature of the parliamentary groups and will have the support to be approved.

2025-02-06 | dantzan.eus
The carnival that was lost a long time ago in Lazkao will be revived
In recent weeks we have read that in Lazkao they are thinking of recovering the carnival that was lost in the decade of 1960-70. On the basis of these festivities, various local groups will gather and celebrate the Carnival on February 28. To learn more, we asked Anne Zubiarrain... [+]

The Sunstones of Vasagård

Archaeologists have discovered more than 600 engraved stones at the Vasagård site in Denmark. According to the results of the data, dating back to 4,900 years ago, it is also known that a violent eruption of a volcano occurred in Alaska at that time. The effects of this... [+]


Paperless from Mayotte: The invisible victims of Cyclone Chido
We have brought to our attention the term "necropolitics" of the Cameroonian political scientist Achille Mbenbe. He looks at citizenship and power from the prism of death, and makes it clear that the lives of certain groups of people are underestimated, invaluable, and therefore... [+]

Deep burns of Napalma

Vietnam, February 7, 1965. The U.S. Air Force first used napalma against the civilian population. It was not the first time that gelatinous gasoline was used. It began to be launched with bombs during World War II and, in Vietnam itself, it was used during the Indochina War in... [+]


The platform for the demolition of the Monument to the Fallen denounces the position of EH Reunidos, PSN and Geroa Bai
The platform has called for a meeting on Thursday at the Plaza del Ayuntamiento in Pamplona at 6:30 p.m. in order to confirm the three parties’ position with the building in their choice to denounce and demolish it.

2025-01-29 | Cira Crespo
Don't say colonization

I just saw a series from another sad detective. All the plots take place on a remote island in Scotland. You know how these fictions work: many dead, ordinary people but not so many, and the dark green landscape. This time it reminded me of a trip I made to the Scottish... [+]


Furoshiki, sustainable art

Japan, 8th century. In the middle of the Nara Era they began to use the term furoshiki, but until the Edo Era (XVII-XIX. the 20th century) did not spread. Furoshiki is the art of collecting objects in ovens, but its etymology makes its origin clear: furo means bath and shiki... [+]


2025-01-28 | Leire Ibar
Memorialist associations request that La Cumbre be handed over to the City Council of San Sebastián
The General Assemblies of Gipuzkoa demand that the La Cumbre building in San Sebastián, where Lasa and Zabala were kidnapped and tortured, be transformed into a space for historical memory. The palace was due to be ceded by the state to the City Council of San Sebastián in... [+]

History of the Government Headquarters in Paris: From the Gestapo’s claws back to the hands of the PNV
After decades of demand, the historic palace on Avenue Marceau 11 in Paris is finally in the hands of the PNV. For the jealous, beyond the monetary value, this building has an enormous symbolic value, since it connects them fully with the exile and the struggle against fascism.

2025-01-22 | Julene Flamarique
The Monument to the Fallen of Pamplona is painted in red under the proclamation 'Fall of the Fallen' and 'Against Fascism to the First Line'
The painting was done on Tuesday night, residents said. The main façade, its doors and its side walls have been painted. The appeal coincides with the mobilization convened by the Socialist Youth Coordinator on January 25.

Yersinia pestis in Egypt

In an Egyptian mummy of 3,300 years ago, traces of Yersinia pestis, the bacterium that caused the Justinian plague in the 6th century and the Black Plague in the 14th century, have just been found.

Experts until now believed that at that time the plague had spread only in... [+]


Eguneraketa berriak daude