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Antzinaroko hooliganak

Erromako Zirku Maximoko koadriga lasterketak irudikatzen dituen mosaikoa.
Erromako Zirku Maximoko koadriga lasterketak irudikatzen dituen mosaikoa. Bartzelonako Museo Arkeologikoa

Erroma, K.o. I. mendea. Neron  enperadoreak, Zirku Maximoko zaldi lasterketen zale amorratua izanik, kirola diruz laguntzea eta arautzea erabaki zuen. Gladiadoreen arteko borrokak erromatarren pasioa zirela esan digute literaturak eta zinemak. Baina zaleen arteko grina primitiboenak eta lehia muturrekoenak Zirku Maximoko hondarretan askatzen omen ziren, ez Koliseoan.

Inperioaren garaian lau talde nagusi lehiatu ohi ziren koadriga lasterketetan: gorriek Marte gerraren jainkoaren omenez zeramaten kolore hura; zuriak haizearen jainko-jainkosen taldea ziren; berdeek Ama Lurarren kolorea defendatzen zuten; eta urdinek zerua eta itsasoa sinbolizatzen zituzten. Neronek diru-laguntzak eman zizkien lau taldeei, lasterketa berean talde bakoitzeko hiru gurdi lehiatzeko baimena eman zuen, eta orgazainei denboraldi betean beste talde batean “fitxatzeko” aukera zabaldu zien. Handik urte gutxira Domizianok beste bi talde sortu zituen, moreak eta urre kolorekoak, baina ez zuten zale kopuru handirik lortu eta desagertu egin ziren.

Erromatar zirkuaren lehia gogorra muturrera eraman zuten Bizantzioko hipodromoan. Erromako lau kluben artean nagusiki urdinak eta berdeak nabarmendu ziren Bizantzion. Eta zaletasunak kirolaren muga gainditu zuen; taldea aukeratzeak konnotazio militar, sozial, politiko eta erlijiosoak zituen. Esaterako, berdeek merkatariak eta errentariak ordezkatzen zituzten eta monofisismoaren jarraitzaileak ziren, hau da, Jesus funtsean jainkozko izakia zela uste zuten, giza ezaugarririk gabea. Urdinak, aldiz, lurjabeak eta aristokratak izan ohi ziren. Eta ortodoxoak. Justiniano enperadorea urdinzalea zen.

Lasterketarik ez zenean ere, batzuk zein besteak taldetan bildu ohi ziren arerioen zaleei erasotzeko. Kaleko borroka haien ondorioz zaurituak eta hildakoak ohikoak ziren.

Justinianoren erregealdi luzeko krisirik larrienetakoak lasterketa zaleak izan zituen protagonista. 532. urtean tenka areagotu egin zen enperadoreak zergak igotzea erabaki zuenean, Bizantzioren eta Pertsiaren arteko negoziazioek eraginda. Aurkakotasun erlijiosoa ere pil-pilean zegoen. Eta, azkenean, bolbora hipodromoan piztu zen. 532ko nahasmenduei Nikaren Istiluak esan zieten, matxinoek nika (garaipena) oihukatzen baitzuten, hipodromoan egon ohi zuten legez. Errebolta hiri osoan zabaldu zen, hainbat jauregi eta Santa Sofia bera kaltetzeraino. Gainera, Justinianok ez zuen bere taldeko zaleen (urdinen) babesa jaso; behingoz, berdeek eta urdinek bat egin zuten enperadorearen aurka. Eta Hipatio izendatu zutenbehin-behineko enperadore. Teodora enperatrizak eta Belisario jeneralak altxamendua itzaltzea lortu zuten. Horretarako, kaleak zale urdinen eta berdeen odol gorriz tindatu zituzten.


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Impostor or rebel?

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2025-02-06 | dantzan.eus
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