Automatically translated from Basque, translation may contain errors. More information here. Elhuyarren itzultzaile automatikoaren logoa

Cavendishen herabetasunaren legea

Henry Cavendish (1731-1810) ikerlari bikaina baina dibulgatzaile eskasa 
izan zen.
Henry Cavendish (1731-1810) ikerlari bikaina baina dibulgatzaile eskasa izan zen.Online Portal of General Knowledge

Derby (Ingalaterra), 1810eko otsailaren 24a. Henry Cavendish zientzialaria, garaiko Britainia Handiko gizonik abereatsenetakoa, hil zen 78 urte zituela. Bere ondasunak ez zituen bizitza luzean metatu; familiatik zetozkion. Ama Lady Ann Grey zuen, Kenteko dukearen alaba, eta aita Lord Charles Cavendish, Devonshireko dukearen semea.

Cambridgen hiru urte eman ondoren, Cavendish gazteak titulurik lortu gabe utzi zuen unibertsitate ospetsua. Gerora erakutsi zuenez, gaitasun akademikoak soberan zituen tituluak lortzeko, baina gaitasun sozialek huts egin zioten. Oso lotsatia zen. Horrenbestez, familiako ondasunek nahi adina baliabide eta muturreko herabetasunak nahi adina denbora eman zioten bizitza zientziari eskaintzeko.

Kimikan lehenengoetakoa izan zen, Frantziatik kanpo, Lavoisierren teoria iraultzaileekin bat egiten. Ordura arteko eudiometrorik zehatzena sortu zuen –gasek arnastuak izateko duten egokitasuna neurtzen duen gailua–, eta atmosferako airearen konposizioari buruzko ikerketetan oso emaitza onak lortu zituen, argona oraindik aurkitu gabe zegoen arren. Lurraren dentsitatea ere kalkulatu zuen, urarena baino 5,48 aldiz handiagoa zela ondorioztatuz –gaur egun ontzat ematen den datuarekiko diferentzia %1 baino txikiagoa da–. Horri esker Lurraren masa kalkulatu ahal izan zen, eta gerora beste ikerlari batzuei grabitazio konstantearen balioa aurkitzeko bidea zabaldu zien Cavendishek. Elektrizitatearen arloa ere jorratu zuen, eta aurkikuntza garrantzitsuak egin zituen horretan: potentzial elektrikoaren kontzeptua –hark “elektrifikazio maila” esaten zion–, materialen konstante dielektrikoa, potentzial elektrikoaren eta korrontearen arteko erlazioa...

Kontua da gabezia sozialek ez ziotela lan eskerga hori guztia hedatzen utzi; lan labur gutxi batzuk besterik ez zituen argitaratu, eta liburu bat bera ere ez. Etxeko zerbitzariekin ohar idatzien bidez komunikatzen zen, eta etxeko atzealdeko fatxadan berak bakarrik erabiltzen zuen eskailera bat eraikiarazi zuen, sartu-irten urrietan inorekin topo egitea saihesteko. Hainbatek uste du –Oliver Sacks psikiatra eta neurologo ezagunak, besteak beste– Cavendishek Asperger sindromea zuela. Hala izan  ala ez, Cavendishen arazoa muturrekoa zen: potentzia elektrikoa neurtzeko gailu egokirik ezean, eta horiek lortzeak beste gizaki batzuekin harremana izatea eskatzen zuenez, potentzia bere gorputzaren bidez neurtzera  iritsi zen; deskargak eragiten zion oinazearen arabera kalkulatzen zuen potentzia.

XIX. mendearen amaieran, James Clerk Maxwell fisikariak Cavendishen paperak aztertu zituen, eta hantxe topatu zituen gerora beste batzuek beretutako aurkikuntzak: Richterren proportzio elkarkarien legea, Ohmen legea, Daltonen presio partzialen legea, eroankortasun elektrikoaren printzipioak –Coulomben legea barne–, Charlesen gasen legea...


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